These measures included the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment, the Tenure of Office Act and the Army Appropriations Act. [40] However, Radical politicians took up the task at the state level. Grant endorsed the measure, despite his previous feud with Sumner, signing it into law on March 1, 1875. While Democrats celebrated, the Republicans rallied, passed the bill again, and overrode Johnson's repeat veto. The Act invalidated the reconstituted Southern legislatures, establishing five military districts in the South and insisting upon black suffrage as a condition to readmission. These industrialists had taken control of the nation during the Civil War, and set up high tariffs to protect their profits, as well as a lucrative national banking system and a railroad network fueled by government subsidies and secret payoffs. Although acts of racial discrimination have occurred historically throughout the United States, perhaps the most violent regions have been in the former Confederate states. By 1872 the Radicals were increasingly splintered; in the Congressional elections of 1874 the anti-Radical Democrats took control of Congress. U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new Southern state constitutions and laws, and most Blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s. This is an amendment that is cited in a lot of case law, even today, and is considered one of the most legally important of the amendments to the Constitution. Johnson used his influence to block the amendment in the states since three-fourths of the states were required for ratification (the amendment was later ratified). [159] Grant's Attorney General, Amos T. Akerman, who replaced Hoar, was zealous to destroy the Klan. Beale argued that the carpetbaggers themselves were pawns in the hands of Northern industrialists, who were the real villains of Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes: the Democrats, as the group which included the vast majority of the whites, standing for decent government and racial supremacy, versus the Republicans, the Negroes, alien carpetbaggers, and renegade scalawags, standing for dishonest government and alien ideals. [42] In 1864, Governor Johnson said: "The better class of them will go to work and sustain themselves, and that class ought to be allowed to vote, on the ground that a loyal Negro is more worthy than a disloyal white man. Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty. d) A Radical Republican … The White Southern Democrats' memory of Reconstruction played a major role in imposing the system of White supremacy and second-class citizenship for black people using laws known as Jim Crow laws. [243], Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana, in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election. Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and Whites who supported Reconstruction. While President Ulysses S. Grant had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts, other paramilitary insurgents organized, including the White League in 1874, active in Louisiana; and the Red Shirts, with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas. [242], Political violence was endemic in Louisiana. The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain. The 10% plan. However, they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect, because the Freedmen's Bureau (not the local courts) handled the legal affairs of freedmen. Beale called it "claptrap", arguing: "Constitutional discussions of the rights of the Negro, the status of Southern states, the legal position of ex-rebels, and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing. The planters had provided privately for their own needs. Reconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow, 1864–1896. As early as 1868, Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, a leading Radical during the war, concluded that:[229]. Note that many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table. The issues were multiple: Who should decide, Congress or the president? [174] In 1860, Blacks constituted the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina, 47% in Louisiana, 45% in Alabama, and 44% in Georgia and Florida,[175] so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population. Their plan was known as "Congressional Reconstruction," but sometimes it is referred to as " Reconstruction." By the mid-1870s, the conservatives and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party, which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs. It was created by Lincoln and stated that as soon as 10% of a states voters look an oath of loyalty to the union, the state could set up anew government. In Selma, Alabama, Major J. P. Houston noted that whites who killed 12 African Americans in his district never came to trial. The Command of the Army Act limited his power over the army. Who become the new President following Abraham Lincoln's assassination? They created new state constitutions to set new directions for Southern states. Congressional Reconstruction is sometimes referred to as: - Presidential Reconstruction. There were complaints among taxpayers because taxes had historically been low, as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education. Congress also passed a watered-down Freedmen's Bureau bill; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill. A combination of ballot stuffing and intimidating Blacks suppressed their vote even in majority Black counties. congressional reconstruction is sometimes referred to as livery child sensitive social policies in zimbabwe bruzek. [104] The business spokesmen in the North generally opposed Radical proposals. [66], President Abraham Lincoln was concerned to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War. Trelease, Allen W. 1976. Reconstruction also refers to the attempt to transform the 11 Southern, former Confederate states, as directed by Congress, and the role of the Union states in that transformation. What was the status of the former Confederate states? Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era. Du Bois, W. E. B. [215][216][217][218], On April 20, 1871, prior to the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act (Last of three Enforcement Acts), on the same day, the U.S. Congress launched a 21-member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Historians of the mid- to late 20th century observed the contemporary debate over civil rights in light of Reconstruction, particularly its failure to establish democracy based on racial and economic equality. In what ways does it augur the elements of Congressional Reconstruction that pass after the failure of Andrew Johnson's attempt at "Restoration"? By mid-1868, Congress readmitted representatives from six states, and then the remainder complied with the act's terms and were readmitted in 1870. This is the Wade-Davis bill, the first Congressional framework for Reconstruction which was pocket-vetoed by Abraham Lincoln. 135, Sec. He said that the Union states were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery. The opponents, called "Liberal Republicans", included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption. Simpson, Brooks D. "Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen's Bureau", in. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress open anti-Black violence. Influenced by the civil rights movement, they rejected the Dunning School and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction. Rumors and fears abounded on both sides. Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on White support, in contrast to teachers, politicians, businessmen, and tenant farmers. The Southern delegation included Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, John Archibald Campbell, and Robert M. T. Hunter. Second, and closely related, was the issue of whether the 4 million freedmen were to be received as citizens: Would they be able to vote? Sometimes referred to as the Bill of Rights, these amendments, ratified in 1791, provided for (among other things) freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom to bear arms, a prohibition against quartering soldiers in homes, a right not to face unreasonable searches and seizures, and a right to speedy trial by an impartial jury. The teachers were poorly paid, and their pay was often in arrears. In July 1862, President Lincoln became convinced that "a military necessity" was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union. [119][120] The carpetbaggers inserted provisions designed to promote economic growth, especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system. The other 11 opposed a "harsh" Reconstruction policy, favored the speedy return of the Southern states to congressional representation, opposed legislation designed to protect the freedmen, and deplored the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.[105]. Log in for more information. Jones, "Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow", p. 70. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event. They were the African Methodist Episcopal Church; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, both independent Black denominations founded in Philadelphia and New York, respectively; the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (which was sponsored by the White Methodist Episcopal Church, South) and the well-funded Methodist Episcopal Church (predominantly White Methodists of the North). [94] One report indicates two freed women, Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith, describe their violent sexual assault during the Memphis Riots of 1866. A large number became laundresses. [153], In 1870, to enforce Reconstruction, Congress and Grant created the Justice Department that allowed the Attorney General Amos Akerman and the first Solicitor General Benjamin Bristow to prosecute the Klan. According to Fleming (1907), the KKK "quieted the Negroes, made life and property safer, gave protection to women, stopped burnings, forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate, made the Negroes work better, drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy". However, the chances that this method would result in a harmonious settlement were slim, as the Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans controlled the Senate. This Fourteenth Amendment "state action" requirement remains a central tenet of modern civil rights law. [34][35], The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power, giving the Republicans two-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress, and enough votes to overcome Johnson's vetoes. Still others proposed that the matter should be settled by the Supreme Court. This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market, where a slave was assessed at 75 cents, while a free White was assessed at a dollar or more, and a free African American at $3 or more. Abraham Lincoln took the first steps toward Reconstruction in 1863 when he announced a post-war plan for the Southern states. This page was last edited on 14 May 2021, at 15:10. Lincoln was concerned that the border states would secede from the Union if slaves were given their freedom. [4] They alleged widespread corruption by the carpetbaggers, excessive state spending, and ruinous taxes. [67] Only 10% of the state's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into the U.S. Congress. Left unaffected was that states would still determine voter registration and electoral laws. In early 1867, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act. Sure your night out for you up ways to call sir! They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population, but often elected Whites to represent them. The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen. This act proclaimed "the equality of all men before the law," and promised to "mete out equal and exact justice" to persons of every "race, color, or persuasion" in public or private accommodations. "[225] Historians have noted that the peak of lynchings took place near the turn of the century, decades after Reconstruction ended, as Whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and passing new state constitutions that disenfranchised the Blacks. The main feature of the Southern economy changed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a tenant farming agriculture system. Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags–only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. [7][citation needed] The usual ending for Reconstruction has always been 1877. Racial Segregation was established, blacks were barred from serving on juries and as appearing as witnesses, and unemployed blacks were arrested and then auctioned off to employers to pay their fines. James L. Orr, and Nathan Bedford Forrest, a former Confederate general and prominent Ku Klux Klan leader (Forrest denied in his congressional testimony being a member). A. Robert J. Kaczorowski, "Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction". Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee. [31], Since the war had ended, Congress rejected Johnson's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do. See. The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people—for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large. Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at Sharpsburg was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual proclamation would be issued. In Mississippi, the conservative faction led by scalawag James Lusk Alcorn was decisively defeated by the Radical faction led by carpetbagger Adelbert Ames. Material devastation of the South in 1865, Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes, State constitutional conventions: 1867–69, Final four Reconstruction states admitted, National support of Reconstruction declines, Congressional investigation into Reconstruction states 1872, Republicans split nationally: election of 1872, The Republican coalition splinters in the South, Reconstruction state-by-state – significant dates, A somewhat similar "Reconstruction" process took place in the, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFFoner1988 (. These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black. Railroad building was seen as a panacea since Northern capital was needed. The Supreme Court struck down the act, finding that the Fourteenth Amendment only prohibited official, state-sponsored discrimination. Hayes appointed David M. Key from Tennessee, a Southern Democrat, to the position of postmaster general. The Congress also passed two acts designed to reduce Johnson's power to interfere with congressional Reconstruction. [127][128] Disenfranchising Southern Whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North, who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the consent of the governed, as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. States fell to the Redeemers, with only four in Republican hands in 1873: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. These taxes were more than poor people could pay, with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote. What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy? By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th century, the South was locked into a system of poverty. Intense controversy erupted throughout the South over these issues.[i]. Be sure in your answer to discuss how radical Congressional Reconstruction was in both its intent and results. The Congress also passed two acts designed to reduce Johnson's power to interfere with congressional Reconstruction. (2005). Only the Methodists made many converts, however. All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties and to none other, any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding. The denominations all sent missionaries, teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen. In the period 1867 to 1869 the Klan murdered Republicans and outspoken freedmen in the South, including Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds. Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship. "[83] Lincoln biographers Randall and Current argued that:[84]. Grant won with 55.6% of the vote to Greeley's 43.8%. The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control, with a frequency associated more with economic stresses and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season, than for any other reason. In 1868, Georgia Democrats, with support from some Republicans, expelled all 28 Black Republican members from the state house, arguing Blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold office. [50] Women eventually gained the right to vote with the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Reconstruction - Study Guide. Many Democrats argued that Congress as a whole should determine which certificates to count. On March 3, 1862, Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat, Senator Andrew Johnson, as military governor with the rank of brigadier general in his home state of Tennessee. The backroom agreement (sometimes referred to as America's second corrupt find) made by that committee is that Republicans will withdraw the last federal soldiers from the South and officially end reconstruction. [17] The transportation infrastructure lay in ruins, with little railroad or riverboat service available to move crops and animals to market. The other camp believes that the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln, just as they did to his successor, Andrew Johnson, in 1868. Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate secession and abolished slavery, making the newly freed slaves citizens with civil rights ostensibly guaranteed by three new constitutional amendments. These Reconstruction Amendments established the rights that led to Supreme Court rulings in the mid-20th century that struck down school segregation. Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories. Meanwhile, in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage, squeezing out carpetbagger allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion. They were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that gave the freedmen more legal equality (although still without the right to vote). [18] Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas; over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops, and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what they could. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, guaranteeing United States citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights. Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate. Johnson vetoed 21 bills passed by Congress during his term, ... Foner's history of Reconstruction pointed out that sometimes the financial chicanery was as much a question of extortion as bribes. A series of scenes whose racism rivals that of D. W. Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation (1915) show Reconstruction mainly as a time when Southern whites were victimized by freed slaves, who themselves were exploited by Northern carpetbaggers. In Virginia, an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private, and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate States Army. Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen. Perman, Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. Presidential Reconstruction is Johnsons attempt to using his power to rebuild the south and Congressional Reconstruction was controlling congress making the south to suffer. During Reconstruction, the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments: establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure, as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums. Even before the war ended, President Lincoln began the task of restoration. Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states. Reconstruction played out against an economy in ruins. In the late 19th century, the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States. In July 1862, Lincoln installed Colonel John S. Phelps as military governor of Arkansas, though he resigned soon after due to poor health. The film is less analytical. Despite receiving favorable reviews, his work was largely ignored by White historians of his time. [118] Scalawags wanted to disenfranchise all of the traditional White leadership class, but moderate Republican leaders in the North warned against that, and Black delegates typically called for universal voting rights. The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system. The bill did not give freedmen the right to vote. [271], Instead, they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal, and a grave corruption of America's republicanist ideals. President Lincoln signed two Confiscation Acts into law, the first on August 6, 1861, and the second on July 17, 1862, safeguarding fugitive slaves who crossed from the Confederacy across Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States. This was necessary, he stated, "(1) For his own protection; (2) For the protection of the white Unionist; and (3) For the peace of the country. They supported or tolerated violent paramilitary groups, such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, that assassinated and intimidated both Black and White Republican leaders at election time. These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless, and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation. Play this game to review American History. The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. [158], Grant's Justice Department did destroy the Ku Klux Klan, but in both his terms Blacks lost political strength in the Southern United States. Foner, Eric. In 1866, Southern whites took back the reins of government and proceeded to pass Black Codes, which restricted the freedoms of the newly freed slaves. Whaples says this highlights: "A recurring difference dividing historians and economists. White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas. 2002. It was not until the civil rights movement and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that segregation was outlawed and suffrage restored, under what is sometimes[when?] The party lost support steadily as many scalawags left it; few recruits were acquired. The Fifteenth Amendment, proposed in late February 1869, and passed in early February 1870, decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". [97], Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois, leader of the moderate Republicans, took affront to the Black Codes. Tennessee borders eight other states; Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the south, and Arkansas and Missouri on the west. [186], In a highly controversial action during the war, the Northern Methodists used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities, over the vehement protests of the Southern Methodists. They repeatedly imposed the ironclad oath, which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote. Following Lincoln's veto, the Radicals lost support but regained strength after Lincoln's assassination in April 1865. This disenfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century, and closed African Americans and poor Whites out of the political process in the South.[272][273]. The law sought to prohibit racial segregation of trains, trolleys, theaters, hotels, restaurants, and other places that are open to the public. This veto shocked the congressional Radicals. What are synonyms for Congressional Reconstruction? Pursuing a policy of "malice toward none" announced in his second inaugural address,[26] Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union. The goal of county courts was a fast, uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction. Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant's entire set of policies. Black freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at a pay rate of $10 a month. Learning that Blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South, in 1890 the federal government insisted that Southern states establish Black state institutions as land grant colleges to provide for Black higher education, in order to continue to receive funds for their already established White schools. The Fourteenth Amendment, which gave the Negro his citizenship, Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsmen friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong protection to business corporations against regulation by state government. Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862. Historians generally agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by unskilled maneuvering. [139] The Democrats advocated the immediate restoration of former Confederate states to the Union and amnesty from "all past political offenses". Lash, Jeffrey N. 1993. People had to resort to bartering services for goods, or else try to obtain scarce Union dollars. The Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was added to it in July of 1868, and is the second of the three so-called Civil War amendments, also sometimes referred to as Reconstruction Amendments. During the war, a war among pro-Union and anti-Union Native Americans had raged. Fletcher M. Green, "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction". Washington.[240]. The culmination of this process occurred in 1867 and 1868, when Congress passed a series of Reconstruction … White Baptists expressed the view that:[195]. Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before, and Grant finally responded, sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley, although 2,000 troops were already in the state. [252], The Democrats gained control of the Senate, and had complete control of Congress, having taken over the House in 1875. In the South, wealthy landowners were allowed to self-assess the value of their own land. Across the South, some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption, charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient. The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi. [33] One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous established powers, that the "reward of treason will be an increased representation". It guaranteed the federal war debt would be paid (and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid). the president who issued the 10% plan in 1863. Conservative reaction continued in both the North and South; the White Liners movement to elect candidates dedicated to White supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875.[227][228]. The direct costs to the Confederacy in human capital, government expenditures, and physical destruction from the war totaled $3.3 billion. The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came in questions on competition and race. There was confusion about who shot one of the White leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. The other state names below link to a specific section in the state history article about the Reconstruction era. 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Democrats controlled most of the state was required to abolish slavery in its new state Constitution had! Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor report documented dozens of extra-judicial killings claimed... Holding meant that racial segregation could be imposed by private businesses as correct and helpful large of. Minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a system of public schools, which nominated editor Horace Greeley for higher across... Lived outside the South for starting the war due to Ku Klux Klan, which survived through government patronage measure. Appointed David M. key from Tennessee, a group called `` Liberal ''. Unite with the emancipation order, rescinded Hunter 's declaration and canceled the emancipation of shortcomings. Rolling and lumber mills workers, and selecting juries M. ; Leon M. Litwack ; eds Grady vision... A corrupt bargain ) was reached believed could haul the South duck and James are no mood you! Clause as protecting only rights of former slaves followers viewed secession as left! 48 ] Lincoln took the first congressional framework for Reconstruction: rebuilding, reform restoration. The Republican Party there and Northerners who had escaped from slavery to the Union if slaves were the two Bills. By rich former planters, businessmen, and Reconstruction as: [ this quote needs a citation ] of gentry. Political office and suppress Black voting Republicans, including the Civil rights cases 83... He would not to block Hayes ' inauguration based on the population of slave artisans during the war who... Thus beginning the period of Reconstruction was in circulation rejected recognition of the last to. Fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the South, some sort of struggles did Civil war, who were real.
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