With Lee’s and Longstreet’s rather vague advice in hand, Stuart turned to his most trusted scout, John Singleton Mosby, for information on the best route to take into Pennsylvania. Stuart, Lee’s flamboyant cavalry chief. His men met no serious opposition from the more decentralized Union cavalry, coincidentally commanded by his father-in-law, Col. Cooke, and their total casualties amounted to one man killed. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines. 215–37. Criticism of Stuart, which began as a murmur among Lee’s personal staff, soon exploded onto the front pages of prominent Southern newspapers, which were read by both private citizens and high-ranking members of the Confederate government. Even after Lee himself had said (with much reason), “It is all my fault,” supporters inside and outside the Army began looking about for a convenient scapegoat. [87] A high school named after him on Munson's Hill in Falls Church, Virginia, opened in 1959. [50] Pleasonton's force crossed the Rappahannock in two columns on June 9, 1863, the first crossing at Beverly's Ford (Brig. On June 12, 2018, students of the school were given the opportunity to narrow down the choices for renaming the school from seven to three. Wittenberg and Petruzzi, pp. Anticipating this imminent offensive action, Stuart ordered his tired troopers back into bivouac around Brandy Station. [31], Early in the Northern Virginia Campaign, Stuart was promoted to major general on July 25, 1862, and his command was upgraded to the Cavalry Division. Lee ordered Stuart to cross the Rappahannock the next day and raid Union forward positions, screening the Confederate Army from observation or interference as it moved north. His defense at Laurel Hill, also directing the infantry of Brig. Why then did Stuart receive such harsh criticism? The British Army named two models of American-made World War II tanks, the M3 and M5, the Stuart tank in General Stuart's honor. 241–48; Davis, pp. 199–203; Wert, pp. He also expected that the information he had forwarded regarding Hancock’s movement would cause Robertson and Jones to spring into action and rejoin Lee’s army. When Union troops abandoned Hazel Grove, Stuart had the presence of mind to quickly occupy it and bombard the Union positions with artillery. While he cultivated a cavalier image (red-lined gray cape, the yellow waist sash of a regular cavalry officer, hat cocked to th… He was the eighth of eleven children and the youngest of the five sons to survive past early age. James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart (February 6, 1833 – May 12, 1864) was a United States Army officer from Virginia who became a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War. The panic Stuart claimed he instigated in Washington and Baltimore in no way affected Maj. Gen. George C. Meade and the Union army’s movement toward Lee. Out there on the Union right flank, away off about three miles to the east of it actually, Custer's Michigan brigade was outnumbered when J.E.B. Third, was the raid a sound military movement, and if not, who should be held accountable for the consequences? [61], During the retreat from Gettysburg, Stuart devoted his full attention to supporting the army's movement, successfully screening against aggressive Union cavalry pursuit and escorting thousands of wagons with wounded men and captured supplies over difficult roads and through inclement weather. As late as June 27, Lee was telling Brig. [40], After Christmas, Lee ordered Stuart to conduct a raid north of the Rappahannock River to "penetrate the enemy's rear, ascertain if possible his position & movements, & inflict upon him such damage as circumstances will permit." The name and signage at the school were changed this week. Stuart graduated from West Point in 1854, and served in Texas and Kansas with the U.S. Army. He saw himself as the Southern people envisaged him. Soon, however, critics zeroed in on another high-ranking general: Jeb Stuart. Why Was Jeb Stuart Too Late How two small cavalry charges that seemed insignificant–foolish even–helped the Union win the Battle of Gettysburg. (Virginia Pelham Stuart was born October 9.)[42]. He was a veteran of the frontier conflicts with Native Americans and the antebellum violence of Bleeding Kansas. Jeb Stuart is mentioned by the Baladeer in Season four, episode 10 of the TV Series, The Dukes of Hazzard. He then detailed his strategy to Lee and Longstreet. [57] The head of Stuart's column encountered Brig. 47–64. Custer at Gettysburg: A New Look at George Armstrong Custer versus Jeb Stuart in the Battle's Climactic Cavalry Charges 480. [81] In 1907, the institute was renamed Stuart Hall School in her honor. JEB Stuart at (Sort Of) Gettysburg. [c] On June 26, 1860, Flora gave birth to a son, Philip St. George Cooke Stuart, but his father changed the name to James Ewell Brown Stuart, Jr. ("Jimmie"), in late 1861 out of disgust with his father-in-law. Another more personal consideration was that Jones and Robertson were the two brigadiers Stuart liked least. He wrote numerous articles for popular publications and published a book length treatise in 1908, a work that relied on his skills as a lawyer to refute categorically all of the claims laid against Stuart. It was the absence of Stuart himself that he felt so keenly.”, John S. Mosby, whose initial scouting report had contributed much to Stuart’s decision to go ahead with the raid, criticized Robertson for his failure to join Lee’s army quickly enough after the Union army had begun its pursuit. At the Battle of Chancellorsville, he distinguished himself as a temporary commander of the wounded Stonewall Jackson's infantry corps. [91], Stuart Hall School is a Staunton, Virginia, co-educational school for students from pre-kindergarten to Grade 12, and it offers a boarding program from Grades 8 to 12. [15] He was soon transferred to the newly formed 1st Cavalry Regiment (1855) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Territory, where he became regimental quartermaster[16] and commissary officer under the command of Col. Edwin V. Stuart's Confederate cavalry to get into the Federal rear and exploit … The sleep-befuddled Stuart read Lee’s second letter by firelight and characteristically interpreted it to mean that the commanding general had complete confidence in Stuart’s judgment and was giving him the go-ahead to raid the enemy rear. She is buried alongside her husband and their daughter, Little Flora, in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.[82]. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by Historynet LLC, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. Stuart’s Cavalry Division ( monument) Major General James Ewell Brown Stuart. A Stuart family tradition says he deliberately degraded his academic performance in his final year to avoid service in the elite, but dull. In addition, the two brigades left behind with Lee’s army were nearly equal to those he took with him. [1], Also in 1855, Stuart met Flora Cooke, the daughter of the commander of the 2nd U.S. Dragoon Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Philip St. George Cooke. He finally linked up with Lee’s army late in the afternoon of July 2, several days behind schedule and far too late to help with the arrangements of the ongoing battle. And if Stuart himself was not completely blameless, he had a great deal of company. McClellan, Henry B. I Rode with Jeb Stuart: The Life and Campaigns of Maj. Gen. Jeb Stuart. Amid a slaughterhouse, he had embodied chivalry, clinging to the pageantry of a long-gone warrior. Stuart's brigades had been better positioned to guard their captured wagon train than to take advantage of the encounter with Kilpatrick. Critics ask: What if Stuart had not brought along his captured wagon train and had made it to Gettysburg on July 1? Stuart, Post-Gettysburg, Praising Stuart’s Bravery and Effectiveness, Urging Him on to New Victories, and Bringing Him Back into the Fold The two lions of the Confederacy, Lee symbolizing its brilliance, nobility, and honor and Stuart … Smith, p. 242; Salmon, p. 283; Starr, p. 107; Rhea, pp. The second crossing, at Kelly's Ford, surprised Stuart again, and the Confederates found themselves assaulted from front and rear in a spirited melee of mounted combat. 19–32; Longacre, pp. Anthony Shaffer, English playwright (Sleuth), twin brother of Peter Shaffer. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick's cavalry as it passed through Hanover and scattered it on June 30; the Battle of Hanover ended after Kilpatrick's men regrouped and drove the Confederates out of town. They quickly found one in the outsized personality of Major General J.E.B. Well, he generally knows what he is talking about. Unaware of Lee’s location, Stuart proceeded to York, then on to Carlisle, where he was informed that Lee and his men had been in Gettysburg waiting for him. Legendary general of the cavalry corps of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Lee also gave Stuart the latitude to judge whether he could “pass around their army without hindrance. [86] The 34-inch by 34-inch flag was hand-sewn for Stuart by Flora in 1862 and Stuart carried it into some of his most famous battles. It was all Stuart’s fault, for going off on an ill-advised raid around the Union army when Lee needed him close at hand. Meade did detach those forces for protection, but because of the threat of incursions by guerrillas. Stuart was buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery. After receiving a scouting report from Texas Jack Omohundro, Stuart led a countercharge and pushed the advancing Union troopers back from the hilltop. ISBN 1-932714-20-0; External links. [88] In early 2017, Fairfax County Public Schools established an Ad Hoc Working Committee to assist the Fairfax County School Board in determining whether to rename the Stuart High School in Virginia, in response to suggestions from students and local community members that FCPS should not continue to honor a Confederate general who fought in support of a cause dedicated to maintaining the institution of slavery in Virginia and other states. [44], Stonewall Jackson died on May 10 and Stuart was once again devastated by the loss of a close friend, telling his staff that the death was a "national calamity." Stuart ordered his sword and spurs be given to his son. 2 Another factor that influences the perceptions of the battle of Gettysburg is the myth of the “lost cause” of the Confederacy. Numerous skirmishes and minor battles occurred during the screening and delaying actions of the retreat. [38], McClellan pushed his army slowly south, urged by President Lincoln to pursue Lee, crossing the Potomac starting on October 26. The student population of the newly named Barack Obama Elementary School is made up of more than 90 percent African-American children. In this case, they were not. The VI Corps was sent through Westminster as part of Meade’s strategy to guard his right flank against Lee, but not in response to Stuart. The measure asked that "Stuart High School" be considered as a possibility for the new name. He wrote too much, however, and his self-righteous attitude and tendency to blame others for the failures of the campaign caused the report to be considered unreliable. But Custer’s true rise to prominence began at Gettysburg in 1863. A brilliant commander, his performance during the Gettysburg campaign remains a rare blemish on his record. Gen. John Rogers Cooke), "He will regret it but once, and that will be continuously. If he moved down the Shenandoah Valley west of the Blue Ridge Mountains, he might alert Union cavalry to Lee’s hitherto carefully screened advance. First, the raid’s accomplishments must be evaluated against what was expected. [The cavalry's success in the Bristoe Campaign can be attributed] to the generalship, boldness, and untiring energy of Major-General Stuart, for it was he who directed every movement of importance, and his generalship, boldness, and energy won the unbounded confidence of officers and men, and gave the prestige of success. Stuart reported to Flora the next day that he had been shot through his fur collar but was unhurt. General Lee understood the risks of sending his only fresh division into the heart of the Union forces so he gave General Stuart the task of attacking Stuart went to army headquarters at Berryville to await Lee’s approval of his plan. Now all he needed was to meet Lee’s two conditions. [35] His horse artillery bombarded the flank of the Union army as it opened its attack in the Battle of Antietam. The Cheyenne turned and fired at Stuart with an old-fashioned pistol, striking him in the chest with a bullet, which did little more damage than to pierce the skin. As the armies maneuvered toward their next confrontation at Spotsylvania Court House, Stuart's cavalry fought delaying actions against the Union cavalry. A series of confusing charges and countercharges swept back and forth across Fleetwood Hill, which had been Stuart's headquarters the previous night. Hooker, said Mosby, was lying idle along a 25-mile-long line from Leesburg, Va., to Thoroughfare Gap, just west of Haymarket, and the Federal line was stretched so thin that Stuart could simply ride through it. To say that Stuart’s late arrival left Lee with no cavalry is ridiculous. [89], On July 27, 2017, the Fairfax County School Board approved a measure to change the school name no later than the start of the 2019 school year. Stuart later claimed that he had sent a message to Lee reporting Hancock’s movements, a report that undoubtedly would have set off warning bells in Lee’s quicksilver mind, but the message never arrived. James Ewell Brown (Jeb) Stuart (1833-1864) was born on February 6, 1833 Stuart enrolled at the the US Military Academy at West Point and graduated in 1854. Stuart, see themselves in Barack Obama." [92], A statue of Stuart, by sculptor Frederick Moynihan, used to occupy a space on Richmond's Monument Avenue at Stuart Circle. And what if Stuart had been available on July 2? Six miles northeast, holding the line of the Rappahannock River, Stuart bivouacked his cavalry troopers, mostly near Brandy Station, screening the Confederate Army against surprise by the enemy. During the 1864 Overland Campaign, Union Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan's cavalry launched an offensive to defeat Stuart, who was mortally wounded at the Battle of Yellow Tavern. Resize text. Gens. Coddington, pp. [5] His mother Elizabeth Letcher Pannill Stuart ran the family farm, and was known as a strict religious woman with a good sense for business. [90], On June 18, 2018, the school board for Richmond Public Schools in Richmond, Virginia voted 6 - 1 to rename J.E.B Stuart Elementary School to Barack Obama Elementary School. Too bad! [74] Huff's bullet struck Stuart in the left side. Still, it was obvious that Longstreet wanted someone to report to him from the cavalry. No one witnessed the private meeting between Lee and Stuart, but reports circulated at headquarters that Lee's greeting was "abrupt and frosty." The East Cavalry Field fighting was an attempt by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. He crafted the image carefully, and the image befitted him. The frustration of not having Stuart’s counsel, and the meager results of his raid, might have been overshadowed by a great victory at Gettysburg. She lived in Saltville, Virginia, for 15 years after the war, where she opened and taught at a school in a log cabin. And if so, was he the only one at fault? [39], In the December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, Stuart and his cavalry—most notably his horse artillery under Major John Pelham—protected Stonewall Jackson's flank at Hamilton's Crossing. [54], Unfortunately for Stuart's plan, the Union army's movement was underway and his proposed route was blocked by columns of Federal infantry, forcing him to veer farther to the east than either he or General Lee had anticipated. [1], After early service in the Shenandoah Valley, Stuart led his regiment in the First Battle of Bull Run (where Jackson got his nickname, "Stonewall"), and participated in the pursuit of the retreating Federals. JEB Stuart at Gettysburg is an excerpt about the famous Pennsylvania campaign and Stuart’s controversial role in it from The Life and Campaigns of Major-General JEB Stuart, which was written by H. B. McClellan, Late Major, Assistant Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff of the Cavalry Corps, Army Of Northern Virginia. [8] He entered Emory and Henry College when he was fifteen, and attended from 1848 to 1850. Edward G. Longacre argues that Lee deliberately gave Stuart wide discretion in his orders. [b], Stuart was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant and assigned to the U.S. Regiment of Mounted Riflemen in Texas. All links retrieved May 1, 2018. Lee had Jenkins’ cavalry available at Gettysburg on July 1 and could have had Robertson’s and Jones’ brigades. Stuart’s adjutant, Major Henry McClellan, opened the letter (clearly marked “confidential”) and woke Stuart to show him the message. Once the Confederate Army had passed into Maryland, JEB Stuart’s task of screening the ANV from the Army of the Potomac was completed. She died in Norfolk on May 10, 1923, after striking her head in a fall on a city sidewalk. At Haymarket, Va., Stuart discovered that Union Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock’s II Corps was already occupying the road on which Stuart expected to move. He was known to his friends as "Jeb", from the initials of his given names. The fight also revealed the increased competency of the Union cavalry, and foreshadowed the decline of the formerly invincible Southern mounted arm. [70], The Overland Campaign, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's offensive against Lee in the spring of 1864, began at the Battle of the Wilderness, where Stuart aggressively pushed Thomas L. Rosser's Laurel Brigade into a fight against George Custer's better-armed Michigan Brigade, resulting in significant losses. Jackson's wife, Mary Anna, wrote to Stuart on August 1, thanking him for a note of sympathy: "I need not assure you of which you already know, that your friendship & admiration were cordially reciprocated by him. Tapping telegraph lines, his signalmen intercepted messages between Union commanders and Stuart sent a personal telegram to Union Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs, "General Meigs will in the future please furnish better mules; those you have furnished recently are very inferior. From there, the administration of Richmond Public Schools recommended to the school board that it rename the school after Barack Obama. Lee’s battle report states that “General Stuart would give notice of its [the enemy’s] movements, and nothing having been heard from him since our entrance into Maryland, it was inferred that the enemy had not yet left Virginia.” This comment was unfounded and based on hindsight. Stuart believed that this force, combined with Brig. Then again, he might not have, because even if the orders were not exactly clear, they were at least discretionary enough to allow Stuart to exercise his own judgment–and that judgment, as usual, was to go off raiding on his own. You had better not leave us, therefore, unless you can take the route in rear of the enemy.” It was the first of several mixed messages Stuart received from his immediate superiors. [13] Stuart graduated 13th in his class of 46 in 1854. Burke Davis described Flora as "an accomplished horsewoman, and though not pretty, an effective charmer," to whom "Stuart succumbed with hardly a struggle. [88] On October 27, 2017, the Fairfax County School Board voted to change the name of J.E.B. 209, 390; Thomas, p. 292; Edward G. Longacre, writing in a June 2004. Robertson, pp. Jackson chose to ignore Stuart's infantry designation and assigned him on July 4 to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah, organized as the 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment. Christian Liberty Press, Jan 1, 1997 page 1. Stuart, based on the directions given him, did everything that could have been expected of him. Flora was pregnant at the time and Stuart told her that if it were a boy, he wanted him to be named John Pelham Stuart. On the morning of June 24, Mosby reported that Hooker was remaining inactive, thus fulfilling the first of Lee’s conditions. While in Washington, D.C., to discuss government contracts, and in conjunction with his application for an appointment into the quartermaster department, Stuart heard about John Brown's raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry. 161, 172–79. With Lee’s approval in hand, Stuart made the final decision to execute his raid. Hill, bypassing the next most senior infantry general in the corps, Brig. Gens. Coddington, pp. Sumner. "[66], Although Stuart was not reprimanded or disciplined in any official way for his role in the Gettysburg campaign, it is noteworthy that his appointment to corps command on September 9, 1863, did not carry with it a promotion to lieutenant general. Stuart was born at Laurel Hill Farm, a plantation in Patrick County, Virginia, near the border with North Carolina. You will, however, be able to judge whether you can pass around their army without hindrance, doing them all the damage you can, and cross the river east of the mountains. “It would be up to Stuart to decide what constituted a true hindrance, as opposed to a momentary complication. [48] Despite the lower level of activity, some of the cavalrymen and the newspaper reporters at the scene complained that all Stuart was doing was feeding his ego and exhausting the horses. Stuart ordered Brig. This prevented Stuart from linking up with Ewell as ordered and deprived Lee of the use of his prime cavalry force, the "eyes and ears" of the army, while advancing into unfamiliar enemy territory. Let him start right out and do it." [9], During the summer of 1848, Stuart attempted to enlist in the U.S. Army, but was rejected as underaged. Thomas, p. 7, claims that James was the youngest son of ten [unnamed] children. [22] Stuart returned in September to Fort Leavenworth and was reunited with his wife. And if so, was he the only one at fault? Gen. Wade Hampton, Brig. "Rooney" Lee) between the Union army and Washington, moving north through Rockville to Westminster and on into Pennsylvania, hoping to capture supplies along the way and cause havoc near the enemy capital. Although the delays associated with this change of command effectively ended the flanking attack the night of May 2, Stuart performed credibly as an infantry corps commander the following day, launching a strong and well-coordinated attack against the Union right flank at Chancellorsville. While the myths that the lost cause It then sliced through his stomach and exited his back, one inch to the right of his spine. Stuart and 4,000 Confederate troopers began a fateful ride into Union territory that has been one of the most hotly debated topics of the Civil War ever since. He was sleeping out in the open under a poncho when Lee’s response arrived. The irascible Jones had more than once lived up to his nickname of “Grumble,” but Stuart could justify leaving him behind since he had a widespread reputation as the “best outpost officer” in the service and therefore seemed eminently qualified to observe and report the enemy’s movements. Stuart volunteered to be aide-de-camp to Col. Robert E. Lee and accompanied Lee with a company of U.S. Marines from the Marine Barracks, 8th & I, Washington, DC. Stuart Elementary School — honoring a Confederate — will be renamed for Barack Obama", "Stuart Hall School - Stuart Hall School", https://abcnews.go.com/amp/US/wireStory/richmond-removing-statue-confederate-gen-jeb-stuart-71646648, "Daveed Diggs to Play Frederick Douglass in Ethan Hawke's Showtime Limited Series 'The Good Lord Bird, Stuart A. What influence, if any, did the raid have on the operations of the army? ... Let the tears of agony we have shed, and the gloom of mourning throughout my command bear witness." [19] Their first child, a girl, had been born in 1856 but died the same day. [10] Stuart was a popular student and was happy at the Academy. The exact wording of his opening statement to Stuart has been disputed. Give instructions to the commander of the brigades left behind to watch the flank and rear of the army and (in event of the enemy leaving their front) retire from the mountains west of the Shenandoah, leaving sufficient pickets to guard the passes, and bringing everything clean along the valley, closing upon the rear of the army.”. His detractors claimed that Stuart’s willful misinterpretation of Lee’s orders caused his late arrival at Gettysburg and thus was a major cause of Lee’s defeat, since the absence of cavalry permitted Lee to be surprised by the Union troops and forced into an early general engagement. While Stuart was continuing his ride–crossing the Potomac at Rowser’s Ford, tearing up a portion of the C&O Canal and snapping up whatever unwary Federals crossed his path–Lee was inching forward into Pennsylvania. All the same, he lost valuable time by lugging with him the captured wagon train and prisoners, which gave the Union cavalry time to intercept him at Hanover, Pa., causing Stuart to lose an extra day. But for his friendship I would never have been heard of." He also had sent two daughters to the school for their educations. 173–80; Davis, pp. Stuart was beaten there, nearly captured by the Wolverines of Custer's brigade, and forced to go farther around to the north to reach the main battlefield at Gettysburg. His own long, detailed report attempted to prove the virtues of the raid and its strategically sound foundation. Stuart relinquished his infantry command on May 6 when Hill returned to duty. The second letter from Lee was ambiguous and somewhat illogical, especially when considering his first letter. He was wounded on July 29, 1857, while fighting at Solomon River, Kansas, against the Cheyenne. Stuart, by Emory Thomas. Although not handsome in his teen years, his classmates called him by the nickname "Beauty", which they described as his "personal comeliness in inverse ratio to the term employed. Coddington, pp. [29] He was promoted to colonel on July 16. [47], Lee was not able to attend the review, however, so it was repeated in his presence on June 8, although the repeated performance was limited to a simple parade without battle simulations. Dorsey caught him and took him from his horse. [7] His great-grandfather, Major Alexander Stuart, commanded a regiment at the Battle of Guilford Court House during the Revolutionary War. General Wade Hampton to cover the left rear of the American Civil War is made up more., however, critics zeroed in on another high-ranking General: Jeb Stuart the. 82 ] to Battle brigade to pursue the Federals into confusion and give Lee extra. Second, the Battle of Gettysburg greatest cavalry commanders in American history critics zeroed on! 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