Several hundred were killed by angry mobs, or executed after a quick trial at a drumhead court-martial. ... Jacobin leader who seized control of National Convention and Committee of Public Safety; later instituted Reign of Terror, targeting those … 17 October 1794 – The trial of the 94 Nantais ends with their acquittal and new accusations are brought against Carrier. La Bédoyère: Captured and then executed on August 19, 1815. The White Terror was a period during the French Revolution in 1795, when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France. Accounts were settled by lynchings, murder gangs, and prison massacres of arrested…, A brief period of “white terror” in the south claimed some 300 victims; in Paris, many high officials who had rallied to Napoleon were dismissed, and a few eminent figures, notably Marshal Michel Ney, were tried and shot. White Terror translation in English-French dictionary. And they list “individuals who are thought to be religiously radicalised.” In other words, they are Muslim migrants. White Terror translation in English-French dictionary. White Terror. In the capital it was enthusiastically joined by the younger generation in the form of progeny of murdered aristocrats and royalist politicians. Protestant and Catholic Tensions After the French Revolution The Journal of the Western Society for French History 133 Despite the Ultraroyalists’ insistence on the political nature of the violence, The name 'White Terror' derives from the white cockades worn in the hats of royalists. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman (1989), p. 468. The White Lioness; The White Man's Burden; The White Sheik; the white slave trade; The White Stripes; The White Terror; The Whitey Album; The Who; The Who by Numbers; The Who Sell Out; The who sows the wind reaps the whirlwind; the whole; the whole body; the whole class is being punished; the whole collection of; the whole country The White Terror, a 1917 silent German film; Kenya: White Terror, a 2002 BBC documentary based on the work of Caroline Elkins The Second White Terror occurred in France in 1815. “Netflix and the White Helmets, hand in hand with al Qaeda”, a video posted on Hands Off Syria, a pro-Assad, pro-Russian YouTube channel. Royalists even tried to seize power in Paris but were crushed by the young Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte on 13 Vendémiaire, year IV (October 5, 1795). By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. [1] The Great Terror had been largely an organised political programme, based on laws such as the Law of 22 Prairial, and enacted through official institutions such as the Revolutionary Tribunal, but the White Terror was essentially a series of uncoordinated attacks by local activists who shared common perspectives but no central organization. Choose from 61 different sets of White Terror flashcards on Quizlet. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Throughout France, both real and suspected Jacobins were attacked and often murdered. Every revolutionary outbreak of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was accompanied by virulent coun-terrevolutionary … Looking at both plots and attacks carried out, t he group tracked 201 terrorist incidents on U.S. soil from January 2008 to the end of 2016. But if other regions lacked the deep-seated social and religious divides that fueled the massacres in the Gard, they still saw their own spates of violence on a smaller and sometimes less deadly scale. Further south, rivers remained iced over and roads remained impassable in the spring, hindering trade and rising local prices. Soon, though, security levels may be raised yet again to "Irritated" or even "A Bit Cross". https://www.britannica.com/topic/White-Terror-French-history, French Revolution: Counterrevolution, regicide, and the Reign of Terror. Looking at both plots and attacks carried out, t he group tracked 201 terrorist incidents on U.S. soil from January 2008 to the end of 2016. McPhee, P. (2012) The White Terror, in A Companion to the French Revolution, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. Denis Woronoff, The Thermidorean regime and the Directory 1794–1799 CUP (1972), pp. The Second White Terror occurred in France in 1815. In July 1793, the revolution was at its lowest ebb. Louis-Marie Fréron was a former Convention deputy who opposed Robespierre and participated in the ‘White Terror’ against former Jacobins, which he describes here: “A new terror, far more productive of crime than that from which they claimed to be freeing themselves, now spread like a devouring lava flood in the departments of the Midi. are Algerians and 20 per […] White Terror. The White Terror was a period during the French Revolution in 1795, when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France. [9] The Treaty of La Jaunaye which ended the rebellion allowed the return of non-juring priests[10] The agreement ended the direct military emergency facing the Republic and weakened the standing of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. In the first phase of the war (April–September 1792), France suffered defeats; Prussia joined the war in July, and an Austro-Prussian army crossed the frontier and advanced rapidly toward Paris. Start studying The White Terror. Every revolutionary outbreak of the late Lists of those persecuted, as well as existing judicial and police records, indicate that a strong majority of accusations made did not arise from actions during the Reign of Terror at all but rather from personal or regional grudges. 23 May 1795 – Military Commission to judge Prairial insurgents established. Following the return of Louis XVIII to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest and execution. 5 June – at Marseilles, 700 Jacobin prisoners are massacred in the prison of Saint-Jean fort. The White Terror was not a universal movement in France. Over 1,000 illegal immigrants are registered on the Terrorist Radicalisation Prevention Report Index (FSRPT), an anti-terrorism watchlist in France. The Thermidorian regime and the Directory 1794–1799, CUP (1972), p. 23. A reference guide from Renaissance to the Present . [6] It took a period of several months before all of the leading figures associated with the Reign of Terror was brought to trial or removed from power. Film and television. …the streets—degenerated into a “white terror” against the men of year II. 16 October – The Convention bans any correspondence and affiliations between clubs, effectively outlawing the nationwide network of Jacobin clubs. In the provinces, Thermidorean, 2 February 1795 – massacre of Jacobin prisoners at, 30 March 1795 – In Lyons, the threat of a massacre of prisoners and other Jacobins is now so great that Boisset order detainees to be taken away to. In the square for Samuel Paty, the teacher killed in the suburbs by a Chechen extremist. Prussian and Austrian forces pushed into the French countryside, and one noted French general even defected to the opposition. [2] In particular locations, there were however more organized counter-revolutionary movements such as the Companions of Jehu in Lyon and the Companions of the Sun in Provence. The White Terror unfolds Paris’ Jacobin club was shut down almost immediately and outlawed in November 1794. 7 May 1795 – Fouquier-Tinville guillotined together with other associated with the Revolutionary Tribunal: Lanne (judge); Renaudin (juror), Leroy (juror), Foucault (judge); Vilate (juror); Scellier (Vice-Chairman of the Revolutionary Court), Garnier-Launay (judge); Prieur (juror), Chatelet (juror), Girard (juror); Boyaval; Trey; Verney, and Dupaumier. White Terror: translation Ney: Captured and then executed on December 7, 1815. Suspected of being the first white Briton to join the terrorist … That ordinary French people should feel the need for revenge after years of ill treatment and worse from the French Revolutionaries and especially the Jacobins has proved too much for many educators. John Paxton, Companion to the French Revolution, Facts on File Publications (1988), p. 207. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Thermidorian regime and the Directory 1794–1799, CUP (1972), p. 10. In 1793, the French Revolution – which had started as a fight for human rights and justice – descended into a nightmare. The Thermidorians and their supporters also initiated a ‘White Terror’, to purge government and society of its remaining Jacobins. 8 September 1794 – The Revolutionary Tribunal begins to hear the case of the 94 Nantes Federalists. John Paxton, Companion to the French Revolution, Facts on File Publications (1988), p. 186. Learn White Terror with free interactive flashcards. The Thermidorian regime and the Directory 1794–1799, CUP (1972), p. 11. France. Chronicle of the French Revolution Longman (1989), p. 484. [23], Significant civil and political events by year, Timeline of events leading to the White Terror. Principally these were, in Paris, the Muscadins, and in the countryside, monarchists, supporters of the Girondins, those who opposed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and those otherwise hostile to the Jacobin political agenda. August–October 1794 – newly freed press allows right-wing papers in Paris to call for revenge on the Jacobins, gave instructions for action and pointed out prominent Terrorist targets. 25 May – a number of Jacobin prisoners at, 2 June – Twelve Jacobin prisoners killed at St Etienne. In August 1795, they passed a new constitution that dissolved the National Convention and replaced it with the Directory, effective November 1795. …the southeast, a royalist “White Terror” broke out. 24, No. France, Macron receives the family of Samuel Paty at the Elysée. Following the return of Louis XVIII to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or Napoleon suffered arrest. Denis Woronoff, The Thermidorean regime and the Directory 1794–1799, p. 5. An “investigation” by Anna news, an Abkhaz news agency known for its pro-Assad stance, called “White helmets, the mask of terror”. The Convention imposes martial law in Paris and decides that the arrested Jacobins Barère, Billaud-Varenne, Vadier and Collot-d'Herbois should be deported to Guyana without a trial. Share This trial was critical in hardening public opinion against the Jacobins. Buy the Hardcover Book The White Terror: A Romance of the French Revolution and After by Félix Gras at Indigo.ca, Canada's largest bookstore. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Film and television. David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, (2005), p. 237. Download this stock image: The Second White Terror, France, 1815 - KNXB1W from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. France declared war against Austria on April 20, 1792. The White Terror, a 1917 silent German film; Kenya: White Terror, a 2002 BBC documentary based on the work of Caroline Elkins John Paxton, Companion to the French Revolution, Facts on File Publications (1988), p. 50. The king refused, however, to scrap the Charter of 1814, in… Louis-Marie Fréron was a former Convention deputy who opposed Robespierre and participated in the ‘White Terror’ against former Jacobins, which he describes here: “A new terror, far more productive of crime than that from which they claimed to be freeing themselves, now spread like a devouring lava flood in the departments of the Midi. EMBED. Individuals accused as terrorists were then put on trial and executed. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman (1989), p. 474. In Paris, there were increasing attacks on sans-culottes by Muscadins, and there were attacks on Jacobins in Lyon and Nimes in February 1795. Denis Woronoff, The Thermidorean regime and the Directory 1794–1799, p. 19. ix-x. The White Terror book. Throughout France, both real and suspected Jacobins were attacked and often murdered. France. The first major terrorist attack on French soil in recent years took place on January 7, 2015, when assailants operating on behalf of al-Qaeda’s Yemeni branch stormed the offices of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo with assault rifles, killing 12 people. Bettina Frederking, “’Il ne Faut pas être le roi de deux peuples’: Strategies of National Reconciliation in Restoration France” French History 22:4 (December 2008): 446-468; Victoria Thompson, “The Creation, Destruction and Recreation of Henri IV: Seeing Popular Sovereignty in the Statue of a King,” History and Memory, Vol. The white terror; a romance of the French Revolution and after; Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Overall, the severity of the reactions to the Reign of Terror was dependent on how each region was involved in the Revolution and on that region's specific history. Alfred Cobban, A History of Modern France vol 1 1715–1799 Penguin (1957), p. 243. These "bands of Jesus" dragged suspected terrorists from prisons and murdered them much as alleged royalists had been murdered during the September Massacres of 1792. France, a professor beheaded near Paris: he had shown cartoons about Mohammed in class. Militarily, the National Convention was fighting the Chouannerie rebellion in western France until December 1794. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman (1989), p. 473. The Last White Terror: The Maquis Blanc and Its Impact in Liberated France, 1944–1945* Perry Biddiscombe University of Victoria If the Revolution is the woof of modern French history, counterrevolution and “white terror” is definitely its warp. The victims of this violence were people identified as being associated with the Reign of Terror – followers of Robespierre and Marat , and members of local Jacobin clubs . 12 November 1794 – Following attacks by Muscadins who stone men and whip women, the Jacobin Club is closed by the Committee of General Security because it was a focus on violence, 8 December 1794 – The Convention invites Girondin deputies excluded since 3 June to take their places again, 16 December 1794 – Jean-Baptiste Carrier executed, 7 February 1795 – the arrest of noted radical, 8 February 1795 – The Convention decides Marat's remains are to be removed from the Pantheon, 2 March 1795 – The Convention decrees the arrest of Jacobin Terrorists. Thus wrote Byron, not long after Waterloo… already Marshal Ney was identified, even for English ears, by his nickname, while Charles de la Bédoyère’s trial and execution set the scene for the ‘White Terror’ – the French royalist reaction to the Hundred Days. Cookies help us deliver our services. Denis Woronoff, The Thermidorean regime and the Directory 1794–1799, p. 23. This is the breakdown, provided by Interior Minster Gerald Darmanin: “25 per cent…. In the south, especially in Provence and the Rhône valley, the frontier between private feuds and political reaction blurred as law and order broke down. The French Revolution (1789–1799) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. Teacher beheaded, 7 people in front of an anti-terrorism judge. 1–2 April 1795 – Germinal uprising of sans-culottes in Paris against hunger and reaction, rapidly suppressed. Teacher beheaded, 7 people in front of an anti-terrorism judge. IVRY-SUR-SEINE, France — At age 42, Mehdy Belabbas embodied the French republican promise of upward social mobility: the son of a Muslim construction worker of … Georges Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France, translated by Joan White (London, 1973). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In the square for Samuel Paty, the teacher killed in the suburbs by a Chechen extremist. Around 1,200 people are imprisoned in Paris, and tens of thousands more in the provinces. David Rapoport, “The four waves of modern terrorism,” in Audrey Kurth Cronin and James M. Ludes (red. France, Macron receives the family of Samuel Paty at the Elysée. Following the return of Louis XVIII to power, people suspected of having ties with the governments of the French Revolution or of Napoleon suffered arrest and execution. Cookies help us deliver our services. doi: 10.1002/9781118316399.ch22, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118316399.ch22/summary, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_White_Terror&oldid=1017921771, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1 August 1794 – arrest of Jacobin Terrorist. France. (Screengrab by France 24.) Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The treatment of the injured during the Paris terrorist attacks was particularly efficient. 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Page was last edited on 15 April 2021, at 10:19 opinion by recounting in horrific detail the in! Ney: Captured and then executed on August 19, 1815 the Reign of Terror front... Justice – descended into a nightmare universal movement in France the Chouannerie rebellion in western until. Offers, and more with flashcards, games, and one noted General... P. 50 vocabulary, terms, and tens of thousands more in the hats of royalists and a emergency! List “ individuals who are thought to be religiously radicalised. ” in Audrey Kurth Cronin and James M. Ludes red!
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